Aristotle, Rhetoric Book Two Outline
Ethical and Pathetic Proofs [2.1.1-11 (1377b-1388b)]
General Discussion of Ethos [2.1.1-9 (1377b-1378a)]
The Object of Rhetoric is Judgment. The Speaker's character is more important for deliberative oratory, whereas the Judge's frame of mind is more important fro forensic oratory.
Three qualities necessary to produce conviction [2.1.5-7]
- good sense
- virtue
- good will
Definition of emotions [2.1.8-9] The emotions are all those affections which cause people to change their opinion in regard to their judgments, and are accompanied by pleasure and pain.
Catalogue of Emotions [2.2-11 (1378a-1388b)
Anger and Mildness [2.2-3 (1378a-1380b)]
Analysis of Anger [2.2]
Definition : an impulse (accompanied by pain) to enact revenge for a conspicuous slight enacted without justification toward what concerns oneself of one's friends. [2.2 (1378a)]
- Slights
- Dispositions of those roused to anger
- Objects of anger
Analysis of Mildness [2.3]
- Definition (Opposite of Anger)
- Opposite of slights
Other Emotions
Love and Hate [2.4 (1381a-1382a)]
Fear and Confidence [2.5 (1382a-1383b)]
Shame and Shamelessnes [2.6 (1383b-1385a)]
Gratitude and Its Lack [2.7 (1385a-b)]
Pity and Indignation 2.8-9 (1385b-1388a)
Envy [2.10 (1388a)]
Emulation [2.11 (1388b)]
Catalogue of Characters [2.12-17 (1389a-1391b)]
Ages [2.12-14 (1389a-1390b)]
- Youth
- Old Age
- Prime of Life
Fortunes [2.15-17 (1390b-1391b)]
- Noble Birth
- Wealth
- Power
Logical Proofs
Catalogue of Common or General Topics [2.18-19 (1391b-1393a)
Possible/Impossible (Deliberative)
Contraries
Similarities
Degree (of difficulty; of excellence)
Sequence
That which we desire
The subjects of science or art
Things whose means of production is within our power
Parts and wholes
Genus and species
Natural correspondences (quantities)
Artless vs. artful
Inferior vs. superior
Past fact/Future fact (Forensic)
Less to more likely
Precedence
Ability and motive
Intention
Antecedence and Consequence
And likewise for the future
Magnitude (Epideictic)
…since in each branch of rhetoric the end set before it is a good, such as the expedient, the noble, or the just, it is evident that all must take the materials of amplification from these. (2.19.27)
Inductive and Deductive Proofs [2.20-22 (1393a-1397a)]
Examples
- Historical Examples
- Fables